GPS ÖLÇÜ SÜRESİNİN NOKTA KONUM DOĞRULUĞU İLE İLİŞKİSİ

One of the factors effecting accuracy of GPS measurement is observation period. To reach to desired accuracy, GPS observations are collected in a sufficient time of period. In other word, optimal measurement period is required to be decided. As the nature of GPS observations, more observation increases the cost of measurement process. In this study, relationship between observation period and accuracy of point positions in interest was investigated for the bases up to 20 km. For this purpose, in a network with 8 points and 19 baselines, GPS observation were collected for 253 minutes using static GPS observation technique. After ward, observations were divided in to 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 and 253 minutes, than each one group of observation were post processed Leica Geo Office software. As out come, correlation coefficient describing the relationship between positional accuracy for each point and observation period were computed and then tested these coefficients for significantly. GPS baz ölçülerinin doğruluğunu etkileyen faktörlerden biriside ölçü süresidir. Bu nedenle arzu edilen doğruluğa ulaşmak için gerekli süre kadar ölçü yapılır. Başka bir deyişle optimal ölçü süresinin belirlenmesi gerekir. Doğal olarak fazladan yapılan her ölçü maliyeti artırır. Bu çalışmada  20 km ye kadar  bazlardan  oluşan  8  noktaya  ait  ölçü  süresi  ile  nokta  konum  doğruluğu  arasındaki  ilişki araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 8 noktadan  ve 19 bazdan oluşan bir ağda, 253 dakika süre ile, statik yöntemle ölçü yapılmıştır. Yapılan ölçüler 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 210, 240 ve 253 dakikalık ölçü sürelerine ayrılarak Leica Geo Office 2 (LGO) yazılımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucu elde edilen her  bir noktaya ait konum doğruluğu ile süre arasındaki ilişkisini belirten  korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmış ve hesaplanan katsayının anlamlılık testi yapılmıştır.

Razmišljaju li budući učitelji kao obrazovatelji 21. stoljeća multikulturno?

Multicultural education is the harmonious coexistence of differences in terms of race, ethnicity, social class, religion, language, gender, and cultural characteristics in the educational setting. Multicultural education can be possible with teachers who are sensitive, aware of the existence of different cultures, respectful of differences and free from prejudices. This study aims to investigate the multicultural efficacy level of pre-service teachers. The data collection tool, ‘The Multicultural Efficacy Scale’ was applied to 588 pre-service teachers studying at the Faculty of Education at a public university in the 2021 – 2022 academic year. Three key aspects of their multicultural efficacy level were investigated: ‘experience, attitude, and self-efficacy’. The overall multicultural efficacy level was found to be moderate. It was revealed that the pre-service teachers who live in metropolises, were included in pre-school education, have been abroad, and have a foreign friend have more multicultural experience. The study hopes to contribute to exhibiting the multicultural efficacy level of pre-service teachers. It has pedagogical implications for pre-service teachers in that they should be trained and given more knowledge about multicultural education so that they can meet the expectations of today’s era.Multikulturno obrazovanje je skladan suživot različitih rasa, skupina različitih etničkih pripadnosti, društvenih klasa, religija, jezika, spola i kulturnih obilježja u obrazovnom okružju. Multikulturno obrazovanje moguće je s učiteljima koji su osjetljivi, svjesni postojanja različitih kultura, koji poštuju razlike i nemaju predrasuda. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja istražiti razinu multikulturne učinkovitosti budućih učitelja. Alat za prikupljanje podataka, „Multikulturna ljestvica učinkovitosti“ primijenjen je na 588 budućih učitelja koji su studirali na Učiteljskom fakultetu na javnom sveučilištu u akademskoj godini 2021./2022. Istražena su tri ključna aspekta njihove razine multikulturne učinkovitosti: iskustvo, stav i samoučinkovitost. Utvrđeno je da je ukupna razina multikulturne učinkovitosti umjerena. Istraživanje je pokazalo da budući učitelji koji žive u metropolama, imaju predškolsko obrazovanje, bili su u inozemstvu i imaju prijatelja iz strane zemlje imaju više multikulturnoga iskustva. Cilj istraživanja je pridonijeti prikazivanju razine multikulturne učinkovitosti budućih učitelja. Provedeno istraživanje ima pedagoške implikacije za buduće učitelje da se educiraju i dobiju više znanja o multikulturnom obrazovanju kako bi mogli ispuniti očekivanja današnjega doba

Classification of Chickpea Varieties Based on Convolutional Neural Networks Evrişimsel Sinir Aglari Tabanli Nohut eşitleri Siniflandirmasi

Agriculture 4.0, in essence, means the integration of the knowledge obtained through technology to agricultural works and activities with technology opportunities. Seed quality is one of the main problems of crop production in agriculture. Seed classification can provide information on seed purity and is traditionally performed by visual inspection by experts. This study aims to classify chickpea seed varieties using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The performances of the developed CNN models have been compared using various metrics. The highest result obtained using the CNN models is 0.98 of test accuracy

Investigation of Heavy Metal Level and Mineral Nutrient Status in Widely Used Medicinal Plants' Leaves in Turkey: Insights into Health Implications

The use of plants in treatments has been as old as humanity and it has preserved its popularity for centuries til now because of their availability, affordability and safeness. However, despite their widespread use, safety and quality issues have been major concerns in the world due to industrial- and anthropogenic-based heavy metal contamination risks. Thus, this study was attempted to analyze the heavy metal levels and mineral nutrient status of widely used medicinal plants in Turkey to have insights about their health implications on humans. The plant concentrations of B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by ICP-OES in the leaves of 44 medical plants purchased from herbal markets of three different districts of Istanbul/Turkey. The measured lowest to highest concentrations were 0.065-79.749 mg kg(-1) B, 921.802-12,854.410 mg kg(-1) Ca, 0.020-0.558 mg kg(-1) Cd, 0.015-4.978 mg kg(-1) Cr, 0.042-8.489 mg kg(-1) Cu, 34.356-858.446 mg kg(-1) Fe, 791.323-15,569.349 mg kg(-1) K, 102.236-2837.836 mg kg(-1) Mg, 4.915-91.519 mg kg(-1) Mn, 10.224-3213.703 mg kg(-1) Na, 0.001-5.589 mg kg(-1) Ni, 0.003-3.636 mg kg(-1) Pb and 2.601-36.102 mg kg(-1) Zn. Those levels in plants were in acceptable limits though some elements in some plants have high limits which were not harmful. Variations (above acceptable limits) in element concentrations also indicated that these plants could be contaminated with other metals and that genetic variations may influence accumulation of these elements at different contents. Overall, analyzed medicinal plants are expected not to pose any serious threat to human health

Comparative analyses of phytochelatin synthase (PCS) genes in higher plants

Plants employ various defence strategies to ameliorate the effects of heavy metal exposures, leading to re-establishment of metal homeostasis. One of the strategies includes the biosynthesis of main heavy metal detoxifying peptides phytochelatins (PCs) by phytochelatin synthase (PCS). In the present study, 14 PCS homologues were identified in the genomes of 10 selected plants. The size of these PCSs was 452-545 amino acid residues, with characteristic phytochelatin and phytochelatin_C domains. The N-terminal site of the proteins is highly conserved, whereas the C-terminal site is less conserved. Further, the present study also identified fully conserved Cys residues involved in heavy metal binding reported earlier. In addition, other preserved cysteines, with minor substitutions Cys(C)-> Ser(S) or Tyr(Y) or Trp(W), were also identified in the PCS sequences that might be associated with metal binding. The reported catalytic triad residues from Arabidopsis, Cys56, His162 and Asp180, are all conserved at the respective sites of PCSs. A clear monocot/dicot separation was revealed by phylogenetic analysis and was further corroborated by the exon-intron organisations of the PCS genes. Moreover, gene ontology terms, co-expression network, cis-regulatory motif and miRNA analyses indicated that the complex as well as dynamic regulation of PCSs has significant involvement in different metabolic pathways associated with signalling, defence, stress and phytohormone, in addition to metal detoxification. Moreover, variations in protein structure are suggested to confer the functional divergence in PCS proteins

Abiotic stress-induced regulation of antioxidant genes in different Arabidopsis ecotypes: microarray data evaluation

Although stresses induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive and toxic, and cause severe damage to cellular components; plants have very efficient enzymatic ROS-scavenging mechanisms. Despite the substantial knowledge produced about these enzymes, we still have limited knowledge regarding their expression patterns in relation to the stress type, duration and strength. Thus, taking advantage of microarray data, this work evaluated the abiotic stresses (salt, cold, heat and light) induced regulation of six antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), in 10 natural Arabidopsis ecotypes. The expression profiles of 36 genes encoding six enzymatic antioxidants including CSD1-3, FSD1-3, MSD1-2, CAT1-3, APX1-6, APXT, APXS, GPX1-8, MDAR1-5 and DHAR1-4 were investigated. In particular, FSD1, FSD2, CSD1 and CSD2 genes coding for SOD; CAT2 and CAT3 for CAT; APX3-6, APXT and APXS for APX; GPX1, GPX2, GPX5, GPX6 and GPX7 for GPX; MDAR2-4 for MDHAR; and DHAR1 and DHAR3 for DHAR families appeared to be more differentially expressed under given stress conditions. Primarily, high light as well as salt and cold stresses considerably up-regulated the gene expression, whereas cold stress significantly led to the down-regulation of genes. The overall expression pattern of ecotypes suggested that the studied Arabidopsis genotypes had different stress tolerance

Effects of glazing, packaging and phosphate treatments on drip loss in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.,1792) during frozen storage

Fresh rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W., 1792) were frozen with different pre-freezing treatments in an air blast freezer (–35oC) and stored at –25oC for 12 months. The treatments were done using 10% sodium polyphosphate and 3% sodium metaphosphate with 4% NaCl solutions and glazing packaging to prevent drip loss in the frozen fish. The effect of glazing packaging treatment on drip loss during frozen storage was significant (p<0.05) but none of the other treatments were effective (p>0.05). In other words, neither phosphate usage nor glazing treatment was effective when used by itself to prevent drip loss in the frozen rainbow trout. However, the combination of glazing packaging did prevent drip loss and protect the moisture content of the inner and surface layers of the product. In addition, the effect of gutting during the pre-freezing stage on drip loss during frozen storage was not significant